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The digital camera is a development of the videotape recorder (VTR), wherein the data of television cameras are turned into digital and stored in a magnetic tape. It was John Mullin, who headed the engineering department of Bing Crosby laboratories that perfected the VTR technology. Back then, charged coupled device or CCD was used to recognize radiant colors and intensity. Meanwhile, NASA sends representations and related data of their inquest from the moon's surface to the earth by converting analog signals into digital. The department also took advantage of the growing advancement of computer to further enhance all the data that was sent by the research team. The government sector as well as private companies have made notable improvements on the development of digicams.
In 1972, it was the Texas Instruments Company that got the right of first publication of the invention of an electronic camera without film and it was the Sony Company that launched the first electronic camera in August 1981, which is intended for public use. The camera was popularly known as Sony Mavica. At this time, taken images were only saved in a mini disc. To be able to view the picture, a video reader is needed to link the disc to a monitor or printer. However, this remarkable gadget was still not acknowledged as a real digital camera, since a video camera was still used to record a picture in the first place.
A few years later, several camera companies continued to make specific enhancements on the said gadget. Kodak has made various solid-state sensors, which is capable of converting electronic images from light. The company's discoveries continue to advance until such time they have invented the mega pixel sensor. These mega pixels are responsible for producing a digital photo print with 5x7 inches in measurement. In 1990, Kodak broadcasted the first photo CD system in the world, which lead to the perfection of digicams. Just after a year, Kodak announced the release of the first professional digital camera. The model was a Nikon F-3 with 1.3 mega pixel sensor. The Apple QuickTake 100 was the first digicam that was intended for average camera users. It was then followed by successive release of various digital cameras such as Sony's Cyber Shot Digital Still Camera, Casio QV-11, and Kodak DC40.
For the past years, digicam's development continues to progress. Several types have been invented to further provide more satisfying image results like bridge cameras, mirrorless interchangeable lens camera, line-scan camera systems, digital single lens reflex, digital range finders and compact digital cameras.
Digital Camera HistoryWhen a photographer decides to get really serious about their craft, they generally already have a point and shoot model and have played with the basic functions that those machines offer. It then becomes time to upgrade and try digital cameras that have more functions and flexibility. Delving into the world of more advanced cameras can be intimidating, but it doesn't have to be if one understands what is available to the modern consumer.
Mid Level Options
Not everyone is looking to become a professional photographer. Many hobbyists just want to explore the capabilities of photography a bit more and discover the joys of manual controls. For this mid level hobbyist, super-zoom digital cameras are the perfect choice. They retain the ease of operation that automatic controls bring, while also allowing for the creative control of manual shooting modes. They also have increased optical zoom capacities. Most super-zoom cameras features lenses that can achieve a 10-12x zoom or even more. This is great for shooting children, animals or action. Newer models have many technological advances, as well, including face detecting technology and stabilizing modes that eliminate or reduce camera shake. Plus, the camera can be used like a large point and shoot should the operator desire. Most super-zoom cameras still shoot in jpeg mode, like smaller models.
Pulling Out the Big Guns
For those who have exhausted the abilities and possibilities that more standard digital cameras offer, and want a truly professional shooting experience, a digital SLR is the camera of choice. These are the top of the line cameras when it comes to flexibility and raw power. A digital SLR is comprised of a body and interchangeable lenses. Most models come with a basic starter lens, but serious photographers soon find their own favorites, depending on the particular genre of shooting that they prefer. Lenses that are ideal for shooting action scenes are not as great for portraits or landscapes and vice versa. These digital cameras can shoot in either jpeg or RAW formats, making further editing via a graphics program more accessible. Things like aperture can be controlled by the photographer much more finely than with other digital cameras. However, almost all SLRs still have automatic settings as well, should the photographer want to revert to that. It's also possible to program your own personalized settings and save them as a favorite shooting mode.
Most serious photographers don't stick with point and shoot digital cameras for long. They quickly become frustrated with the lack of flexibility and want more options. The good news is that there is a more full featured choice for every budget range. For the serious hobbyist, a super-zoom camera is a good choice, while an SLR brings in a full menu of professional grade options.
Comparing Digital Cameras
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Many people buy digital point and shoot cameras because of their compact size, but the negative is that they can never truly compare to the image quality provided by a DSLR camera. The Nikon D40 is a great compromise for those that want the great image quality provided by DSLR's and the lightweight provided by a digital point and shoot camera. The D40 is one of the lightest DSLR's on the market today and is produced by Nikon, one of today's leading camera manufacturers. The great thing about the D40 is that is has interchangeable lens capabilities that you don't get with your normal point and shoot. The D40 uses a Nikon DX Format CCD image sensor with 6.1 effective mega pixels.
The biggest negative about the D40 is that it lacks an internal focus drive motor. This means that it can only auto focus with AF-S and AF-I lenses and manual focus only with others. Although this means you can't use all the available lenses it is still compatible with some of the most popular lenses offered by Nikon and other manufacturers. Some features on the D40 include an ISO 3200 equivalent (HI 1), a customizable Auto ISO, short shutter lag and in camera retouching. In addition to the standard kit lens you may want to consider Nikons 18-200mm VR lens for longer zoom range, especially if you will be shooting your kids sporting events.
The VR technology is important as it helps reduce image blur caused by low shutter speeds in low light conditions and also when your lens is zoomed out at its maximum focal length. The D40 is a perfect camera for those wanting a compact lightweight camera for great quality pictures while on vacation or the amateur photographer looking to jump into the world of photography on a budget. The D40 has a combination of programmed shooting modes and an intuitive button layout to make it easy to operate for anyone. Those that are more familiar with DSLR photography may want to take a look at other cameras offered by the Nikon brand for more advance features.
Nikon D40 Specifications:
ISO 200-1600, up to 3200 with HI 1
2.5 frames per second continuous shooting
3-area Auto Focus System
.18 seconds to power
1.5x crop factor
SD memory compatibility
Max shutter speed of 1/4000 of a second
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Have you ever wondered how a photographer captures such clear and detailed pictures of tiny objects? A close-up shot gives us a glimpse into the world of the very small which may go unnoticed by many of us through-out our busy day.
Macro photography is the art of taking close-up pictures revealing all the details which can't be seen with the naked eye. In photography, taking close-up and sharp pictures of insects or tiny flowers snowflakes, wild birds or other small objects is also known as "close-up" photography. It is a type of shooting that magnifies the size of your subject(s) or object(s).
All digital and most point and shoot cameras come with a macro setting feature which let you get as close as an inch. Using any other mode than macro and shooting a small object from a close distance is next to impossible. Anything closer than about three feet becomes blurred.
What this setting will do for your Photography?
1) It changes the camera-to-subject distance (the distance between the camera and your subject) so that your digital camera can focus and deliver a clear picture.
2) It is optimized to focus sharply on a small area by magnifying the object or the subject. The camera-to-subject distance can be as close as one, two or three inches.
3) When shooting a close object all you get is the object itself. In order to get a little more detail, this mode sets itself to a narrow f-stop.
4) This mode often blurs the surrounding - your background appears unfocused. This way your object stands out.
This mode is also great for experimenting different shots. Try taking a picture of a bee sitting on a flower petal (if you aren't afraid of being stung) or a close-up of a frosty window in wintertime. The captured details will amaze you. You will be able to see the furriness of the bee and the feel the ice on the window.
If you are looking to sell your prints, close-up shots will help take better pictures which will automatically result in sales because of the detail involved. You can take close-up of anything such as collectibles, stamps, coins or jewelry. The engraving on an object will stand out. Your jewelry pieces will print as an inspiring image which will stun your viewers.
For professional MACRO photography using a dSLR (digital- single-lens reflex) camera is your best choice. Although a point and shot camera captures great close-up images, it comes with a fixed lens- meaning its lens can't be replaced or removed. Most dSLR cameras comes with interchangeable lens mounts, allowing you to attach special-purpose Macro Lens. A Macro-Lens is designed to capture a tiny subject as a bigger image. As it name implies it is great for close up shots and adds professional quality to your images.
Don't save your photography only for big events. Take a walk and notice truly revealing and inspiring close-up photos. You will capture plenty of interesting shots.
Inspiring Macro Photography - Capturing "Tiny Valuable Objects" in Great Detail
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A lot of times photographers will wonder how to get sharper images. The answer can be achieved through some techniques if you are making errors currently. But a lot of the sharpness has to do with the lens that you are using.
Many people will think that the camera has a great deal to do with the quality. It does, however, think of the lens as the eye. A bad eye will make for very unclear images. A very high 20/20 vision eye will make you see much better.
A good camera to use for sharpness is a digital SLR camera. This will give you much more control over the images sharpness and also allow you to use interchangeable lenses.
There are many different types of lenses that you can use. There are generally two specific types of lenses: fixed lenses and zoom lenses. If you've ever had a consumer camera that was a point and shoot most likely it was a zoom lens.
A zoom lens is basically what it says it does. The zoom lens will have a range of focal lengths that it can use. These lengths are all achieved through pushing the zoom button. The good thing about this is that you can zoom in and out and get a good range of focal lengths without having to change lenses or anything like that. The problem with zoom lenses is that they are never as high quality as fixed focal lenses.
If you are getting a zoom lens be sure to make sure to look only at the optical zoom. This will give you the actual amount of zoom that the camera has. Any digital zoom is created by enlarging the image and will result in pix elation and loss in quality.
The next type of lens is the fixed lens. This type of lens has a specified focal length that you can attain from the lens. Fixed lenses are better quality than zoom lenses generally. The drawback of fixed lenses is that you can only use the lens for that particular focal length. If you want to get closer or farther you have to change lenses.
When choosing a camera lens be sure to always go for the highest cost you can get. Avoid going for the cheapest lens you can get. Try to get a lens that goes specifically with what you want in your photographs.
Getting Sharp Images in Digital Photographs
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Depending upon what you shoot and where you shoot your choice of a digital camera can be varying. DSLR cameras or the ones that use interchangeable lenses are what the professional photographers prefer to use because of the amazing range of tasks that can be done with them, and the manual shooting options that lets them take stunning shots. Conversely a compact camera with wide angle shooting capabilities and high megapixel resolution will allow you to take stunning images at all times.
For people who love the convenience of a point and shoot camera, a compact camera is something that they can never ignore. No more changing lenses, no more tweaking with settings, just set the camera on auto mode, point and click. Sometimes the best things are really simple and compact digital cameras are just like that.
For shooting tight wide angle shots you will need a minimum 26 mm compact digital camera which lets you shoot your favorite group photos, great quality close ups and also portraits. If you need to go wider than that, the next level is a DSLR that allows you to take even wider shots using interchangeable lens. Sometimes the best way to go is for a DSLR as it gives a lot of options to compose the right shot using the innumerable options that are built in the camera together with the right lens for the job.
Zoom is one of the favorite aspects of digital photography. Although there was a time when zoom was only available to professional DSLRs, today a lot of compact cameras provide impressive optical and digital zooms. If you are not keen on having the hassles of changing lens and you are price conscious but still want to focus on getting a decent zoom on your camera, then go for a compact with a 5x to 20x zoom.
More megapixels means more clarity and sharpness in your image. Modern compact digital cameras are fast becoming comparable to their DSLR cousins in this aspect. No longer are 15 or 16 megapixels out of the reach of the amateur photographer.
When you consider a lot of options such as zoom, megapixels, smart apps and the lens, the new Samsung Mv800 is a great buy at £ 234. It offers a stunning 16.1 megapixels, 5x optical zoom and a takes sharp images plus also records HD movies of you favorite events.
Digital Camera Guide (What to Look for in a Camera)When choosing the right camera to purchase you need to consider the following. Cameras are generally divided into two main categories: Point-and-shoot and Single Lens Reflex (also known as "SLR"). A Point-and-shoot Camera is any camera, digital or film, that does not have a removable lens.
Most point-and-shoots are compact and lightweight. They almost always have zoom capabilities (both optical and digital). If you're just starting out you probably already have a point and shoot camera. An SLR on the other hand, will have the ability to have removable or interchangeable lenses. In addition, they usually offer many more options for controlling the camera. You will be able to shoot in full automatic as well as full manual and several other types of modes like aperture or shutter priority. The biggest and probably most important, difference that distinguishes a digital point-and-shoot from a digital SLR is in the quality of the pictures each is capable of making.
While point-and-shoot cameras have their own advantages; They are light weight, easy to use and less expensive than an SLR. They cannot compete with an SLR in terms of image quality. That is because a digital SLR has a much larger image sensor and a larger image sensor produces a larger, higher quality pixel. This larger pixel produces a much higher quality image. The higher quality images produced with an SLR, because of its enlargement capabilities, will be saleable in many more markets than those taken with a point-and-shoot. Point and shoots may boast of having 8 or 10 mega pixels but the fact remains, their image sensors are smaller and this means the pixels are smaller also.
A Digital Point-and-shoot
Most professional photographers own a compact point-and-shoot camera that they carry with them most of the time. Some will even tell you they never leave home without it. I think we all can agree that a lower quality picture taken with a point-and-shoot is better than no picture at all. When you're buying a compact point-and-shoot, try to get one that has at least five to 8 mega pixels.
If your camera comes with "digital" zoom, don't use it. Turn it off. Digital zooms are only enlarging a very small part of an already small sensor. While it may look OK on the computer, it will not print well. Most cameras allow you to turn off the digital zoom setting. You should do that and ignore anything the salesman tells you about digital zoom. A good camera should have at least a 3 x "optical" zoom. The best have at least a 6 to 8 x optical zoom. This means that the lens itself is changing the focal length and still using the full image sensor unlike the digital zoom. If the camera doesn't have a good optical zoom, don't buy it. You are wasting your money.
The size of the LCD screen is also important. The larger the better. If you have bad eyes, the LCD screen quality and size are of prime importance.
Stay with established name brands like Nikon and Canon. They make great point-and-shoot cameras. They're usually at the top of the line. Sony has some good point-and-shoots, too, but all their equipment is proprietary. This means it doesn't mix well with equipment and accessories of other brands.
Digital SLR Cameras
Most professional photographers will tell you that their preference in camera brands is largely dependent on how the camera feels and handles as well as ease of operation. High quality sensors and pixels are a given for any brand name camera in today's highly competitive market. All professional grade cameras are ruggedly built and many have a fair amount of water resistance. With those in the water resistant group, you can shoot in the rain, sleet, and snow and never have a problem.
The major players in digital SLR photography today are Canon, Nikon, and Olympus, with Canon and Nikon in the lead. The major advantage to sticking with these brands is that they've been at this for a long time. They're not likely to go out of business (leaving you with a bunch of equipment you can't sell off, upgrade, or repair). And if you stick with Canon or Nikon, you'll have a large selection of accessories to choose from.
The rest comes down to price. More expensive cameras give you more durability as well larger sensor sizes. More expensive cameras with higher quality sensors will also take better photographs at higher ISOs with less noise in the shadow areas.
Choosing the right SLR for you
Price alone will help you target your search while brand name will help you narrow your options even further. Nikon and Canon are the biggest players. Both make really great cameras and have a large selection of lenses and accessories. Either brand will be easy to resell when you're ready to upgrade.
Beware of Sony. Sony cameras need special adapters when you want to use anything that's not made by the Sony brand -- studio lights, external flashes, etc. Using Sony equipment is usually more problem than it is worth.
Choosing the Right Camera to Purchase
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Macro photography art is something most photographers eventually come around to experimenting with if they try macro or abstract photography. This is the style of photography that takes a subject up-close so the image is as close as possible to the actual size of the subject. It is considered an art form by many because the images are often eye-catching and highly compelling.
The beauty of macro photography art is the ability to see details that you would otherwise never see in life. For instance, how often do you get to see a wasp so close that you can see the tiny flecks in their eyes or the tiny hairs on their small bodies? You wouldn't since we ordinarily run from wasps.
This type of miniature or minuscule photography may not seem all that different from ordinary photography before you actually try it. After all, it's just another way to take a picture, right? Not exactly. There is a lot that goes into macro photography composition if you are going to capture stunning pictures worth being called "art."
Abstract Art
Abstract art refers to images or paintings that are not of ordinary objects or people. An untrained eye might look at an abstract macro photography art print and think the colors are pretty but someone must have had the camera way out of focus. What they don't see is the beauty in capturing different patterns and textures of color and light.
Abstract photos do not show your mother's face as it appears to the rest of the world, but a small part of that face that has been taken to the microbial level of skin cells, water, and light.
A rose is not captured as it appears on the bush outside your home on a bright Sunday morning. Rather, the camera is placed down inside the rose, using the water inside the pedals and perhaps a mirror or other enhancement tools to take advantage of the color inside the rose.
While you can't make out concrete pictures and lines in abstract macro photography, you can see beautiful creations of light and water that are not seen by the naked eye. This is the beauty of macro photography that inspires so many artists to pick up a camera and so many photographers to venture away from the ordinary.
Macro Photography Tools
If you find the idea of macro photography art intriguing, especially the abstract variety, you can start experimenting with whatever camera equipment you already have as long as it has interchangeable lenses or can be used with filters. The more you get into it the more you will feel compelled to purchase additional equipment that allows you to get closer to the 1:1 image ideal that macro photographers aim for.
The most basic equipment for macro photography art includes a dedicated macro lens and a variety of extension tubes and bellows. You can also use teleconverters, close-up lenses, and reverse rings to get closer to your subject and pick up different types of images.
A good tripod helps as well since you need a still camera and a still subject to get the best macro shots.
Once you start experimenting with this new photography art-form it can become addicting. You will want to see everything that you come across up-close, but the beauty of an ordinary shot will still hold its magic for you as well.
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Setting exposure with exposure meter on Zenit 12xp. Semi-automatic exposure meter device measures the light passing through the lens of the camera (System TTL on our Zenit 12xp). As a result, you can, and manages the shutter speed or aperture, with high precision to set the exposure depending on the brightness of the subject and the speed used photographic material. This advantage is fully maintained and in working with interchangeable lenses, filters, supplementary lenses and extension tubes.
Looking through the viewfinder eyepiece so that the well could see his whole of the frame, press the shutter release button 4 till a definite stop, but not before the shutter if it is cocked, and hold in this position.
The right side of the viewfinder can be seen glowing diodes. If the top LED lights - the excess exposure, if the light is lower diode - the lack of exposure. Rotate the diaphragm setting ring 33 and the shutter speed dial 15, woo the moment when both diodes are flashing. This corresponds to the most accurate combination of shutter speed and aperture for correct exposure.
However, if the simultaneous flashing of the two diodes is not reached and the switching speed and aperture between adjacent values will switch the glow of one diode to another, you can stay at one of these values. In this case, exposure is almost, with the permissible degree of accuracy is correct and you can use Zenit 12xp for photographing.
Turn the Zenit 12xp's shutter speed dial 15 so that the selected value of exposure against the index, which is located on the upper shield apparatus. In this case, you will feel the fixation of the disc. The numbers on the scale extracts indicate shutter speeds in corresponding fractions of seconds, "B" - an excerpt from his hands.
Shutter Speed??1 / 30 denotes the sign "30-X". "X" indicates that this excerpt set when shooting with electronic flash. Shutter speed possible before and after the shutter. When shooting at "B" shutter remains open until you press the shutter button 4 is pressed down. Obtaining a long exposure lock button pressed by turning counterclockwise until it stops (position "T").
Upon the expiration of the required exposure time on your Zenit 12xp, turn the shutter button 4 back to the middle position, and release it. When the shutter closes. For excerpts from the hand advisable to use a cable release which is screwed into the release button thread. In so doing should be mounted on a tripod.
Zenit 12xp Exposure and Shutter SpeedNature has the endless mine of wonders and beauty which we all want to capture. We often get amazed by the stunning Nature or Wildlife photographs in the popular travel or science magazines. So what is the secret of taking stunning Nature photographs? Well, as true for every form of Art, Photography is something which you need to master. Knowledge, practice, creativity and a good Camera is what you need most of the time. Please be aware that this article is not meant for pros. This is targeted to help someone who has just got started or thinking of getting started.
Tip 1: Camera.
So which Camera? As digital is the way to go, I would recommend any entry level Digital SLR will do the job. May be it is Canon, Nikon, Sony, Fuji or Pentax. They all produce good cameras. So choose the Camera which fits your budget and into your bag. Digital SLRs feature interchangeable lens. They all will come with kit lens which is typically about 17-55mm 2.8-3.5f. Those kit lenses are not very useful for Nature photography. For Nature photography a good 28-105mm and a 100-300mm will work best. Lens with image stabilizer and auto focus feature will be an added advantage if you shoot Wildlife. Oh don't forget a good tripod.
Tip 2: See the Light.
Nature photography is a lot about seeing the light. Same spot can look different in different part of the day depending on the light, presence or absence of cloud, dust or moisture in the air. So see the light and analyze it in your mind. If you see the light in the morning, it will have a warm golden or yellow tone. Noon is bright with deep shadow or if the weather is dusty making it less attractive for photo shoots, it will create a haze; evening or afternoon light will be reddish yellow or red. So being able to feel and see the light and choosing your landscape subject or theme based on the lights available is something you need to learn and practice.
Tip 3: Travel
Travelling is essential to take better landscape photograph. Travelling should not be limited to surveying the area but it should entail visiting the place in different parts of the year. Once you choose the area for example a forest or a valley, you should walk around as much as possible to find out different interesting spots or spots of great natural beauty. Once you identify those spots, you may be able to imaging some interesting compositions in your mind before taking photo. Also keep in mind that same location could look different in different parts of the year. For example, in rain, it may look lush green; in winter, it may be dry and dull or in spring, it may be colorful due to bloom time. Also please remember to take the other elements into account such as birds or butterflies etc.
Tip 4: Take notes
Taking notes is a good habit for landscape photographers. Note should include date, time of the year, description of the location and landscape, part of the country and the theme of the photos. Also note should include the technical detail of the Camera and the shooting information. Next time, you can analyze them and find out your shortcomings and find out how to get the best out of a situation.
Tip 5: Compose your shot
Composing landscape or nature photography takes a lot of creativity and also good observing ability. Sometimes, getting close or far from a subject brings out the best of the subject and its surroundings. For example, if you see a flower, you may like to get close to it to take a close up or you may also include the surrounding bushes or trees to create interesting perspective. Same is true for taking mountains, rivers or valley etc.
Tip 6: Use Tripod
Using Tripod is a good habit specially when you are taking photos in low light or photos of a fast moving objects (for example, running Deer or flying Bird). For low light photography, you may have to use the shutter speed like 1/50 or higher. If you don't use Tripod in these occasions, you will surely end up blurring your picture. So carry a Tripod whenever possible. Try carbon fiber Tripods instead of metal one as these are light weight and easier to carry.
Tip 7: Love Nature and Wildlife
If you love Nature and Wildlife, you will take the Photographs from heart and it will be your passion to bring the best of its beauty and its secrets. So try to develop the love from within by thinking positive about it and reading some great books on Nature and Wildlife.
Tip 8: Take as many Photographs as you can
Take lot of photographs from different angle, distance, close up, different shutter speed, different exposure etc. You never know which one will create the best effects or which one will bring the best out of that place. For example, if you are taking the picture of Sunset, you will notice that within few minutes, the Sun is changing its color from golden yellow to red and it's shape will get bigger as it drops more towards the horizon. So taking few pictures in close interval of a setting Sun will give you some interesting effects. It will also include changing sky color or color of reflection on passing cloud or water etc.
Tip 9: See the Works of Great Photographers
I have learnt a lot by seeing the great works of some great landscape and Wildlife Photographers. For example, seeing the work of Ansel Adam will make you think or look at nature from a whole different angle. So see lot of photos. Also keep Magazines like National Geographic etc.
Tip 10: Believe in luck and have patience
Nature photography or Wildlife photography is sometime just luck. You may be in a spot for sometime but it may occur that some interesting thing may happen after you leave. Of you may see something interesting but before you are ready, it is over. So yes believe in luck in those cases as you can't control the environment or your subjects. Also have patience while taking Wildlife or landscape photos. You may have spotted a bird's nest but you may have to wait for hours patiently for the bird to come back to its nest. Similar may be true if you want to spot a Tiger or a Wild Animal.
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